The Moynihan Report Revisited:: Lessons and Reflections after Four Decades (The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Series)

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As assistant secretary in the United States Department of Labor, Daniel Patrick Moynihan wrote his report � The Negro Family: The Case for National Action �� in 1965 as an internal document within the administration of President Lyndon B. Johnson. It described alarming trends in black employment, poverty, and education and argued that they were exacerbated by black family instability. While Moynihan called for a jobs program to employ black men and stabilize families, the report was attacked as an attempt to blame blacks rather than the injustices in American society and widely vilified as sexist and racist in liberal circles.

Now more than 40 years later, this issue of The ANNALS reviews this controversial yet ��prophetic report� through a new lens, bringing together some of the country s foremost social scientists to consider how its arguments and predictions have fared in subsequent years and how the controversy surrounding it influenced social science in the late 20^th century.

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The Moynihan Report Revisited:: Lessons and Reflections after Four Decades (The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Series) Review

Moynihan referred to the 1965 employment situation of young black men as a major crisis and the primary cause of the instability of black families. The employment situation of young black men has deteriorated since then. This has led to a growing participation in illegal activities, a declining tendency to marry, and a tendency to disconnect from school and other mainstream behaviors at a relatively early age. He also noted continuing racial skill gaps, persisting discrimination, and urban segregation leading to growing participation in crime and noncustodial fatherhood, as well as a tendency for young black men to withdraw from the labor market. Not foreseen - the extent to which legitimate labor markets would deteriorate for all less-educated young men in the 1970s and beyond.

Authors of a study interviewing employers found strong negative associations with minority workers - particularly regarding dependability, motivation, attitude, and skill.

Another study found the many pressures on marriage and family formation seemingly uniquely relevant to blacks have been felt by low-income populations more generally. On the other hand, Asians and Latinos are moving closer to a 'white' category in terms of marriage and child-rearing.

Since the Moynihan Report was published, the proportion of African-American children born outside marriage has grown from 24% in 1965 to 69% in 2000. The debates continues over whether this is a consequence or cause of poverty.

More than half of non-marital children live with their father at the time of their first birthday, but this drops to 35% by their fifth. Father involvement drops dramatically after a 'breakup.'

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Leading the Fundraising Charge: The Role of the Nonprofit Executive (The AFP/Wiley Fund Development Series)

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Practical guidance to deal with the challenges executives face when leading a philanthropically supported nonprofit organization

In today's donor-focused environment, the executive director has a greater responsibility to play an active, informed, and influential role in creating an environment that is conducive to optimal philanthropy. Leading the Fundraising Charge addresses the challenges and issues that executives face when leading a nonprofit organization that is dependent on philanthropic support..

• Offers nonprofit directors and executives the tools they need to help their organizations survive and thrive in any economic scenario
• Provides a perspective that is unique to the nonprofit executive's position
• Helps every executive director to evaluate and prioritize the best fund development strategies

At no other time in the history of organized philanthropy has fundraising been more critical, complex, and challenging. Thorough and focused, Leading the Fundraising Charge equips you with the guidance you need to lead your nonprofit effectively.

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Leading the Fundraising Charge: The Role of the Nonprofit Executive (The AFP/Wiley Fund Development Series) Review

As I was transitioning from a 20 year career in church mission and programming into a new one of fundraising, my first teacher was Karla Williams. So many of the principles that were in Fundraising 101 are evident in Leading the Fundraising Charge. Years after that course there is so much more in this book which reflects Karla's life commitment to the importance of learning from every situation in the field of development. If I had one book that I wanted to give to CEO's, Board Chairs and Development Committee's this would be it. Actually, there is so much in each chapter, I would select portions so they could be fully savored and digested. This is one book of remarkable wisdom and knowledge.

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Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World

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What can the great crises of the past teach us about contemporary revolutions? Arguing from an exciting and original perspective, Goldstone suggests that great revolutions were the product of 'ecological crises' that occurred when inflexible political, economic, and social institutions were overwhelmed by the cumulative pressure of population growth on limited available resources. Moreover, he contends that the causes of the great revolutions of Europe ��the English and French revolutions� were similar to those of the great rebellions of Asia, which shattered dynasties in Ottoman Turkey, China, and Japan.

The author observes that revolutions and rebellions have more often produced a crushing state orthodoxy than liberal institutions, leading to the conclusion that perhaps it is vain to expect revolution to bring democracy and economic progress. Instead, contends Goldstone, the path to these goals must begin with respect for individual liberty rather than authoritarian movements of 'national liberation.'

Arguing that the threat of revolution is still with us, Goldstone urges us to heed the lessons of the past. He sees in the United States a repetition of the behavior patterns that have led to internal decay and international decline in the past, a situation calling for new leadership and careful attention to the balance between our consumption and our resources.

Meticulously researched, forcefully argued, and strikingly original, Revolutions and Rebellions in the Early Modern World is a tour de force by a brilliant young scholar. It is a book that will surely engender much discussion and debate.

Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World Review

This very interesting and provocative book is an effort to explain the genesis of recurrent rebellions/revolutions in early modern Europe and comparable other Eurasian societies. It is based on careful reading of the enormous literature surrounding 17th century Europe, the French Revolution, the Ottoman Empire, the Ming-Qing transition, and the fall of the Tokugawa shogunate. Goldstone is also a clear writer who presents his ideas very well.

Rather than taking on the whole issue of revolution, Goldstone begins by restricting himself largely to a smaller but crucial question; what was responsible for state failure in the early modern world? Goldstone introduces a multifactorial model with 3 key components; inability of the state to raise sufficient revenues to finance itself, fissured elites, and disaffected marginal popular groups that could be mobilized for violence. This sounds fairly vague but Goldstone introduces a single driving force that generates the 3 key components; demographic expansion. In Goldstone's model, population growth in these pre-industrial economies leads to inflation with subsequent erosion of state (and individual) purchasing power. Coupled with the increasing real costs of important state activities like the costs of warfare, this leads to fiscal crises for the state. Population growth, often accompanied by considerable turnover of the upper classes, leads to increased competition among elites for privileged positions, especially state patronage which the financially strapped states cannot accomodate. The resulting insecurity among and competition among elites often leads to an adversarial relationship to the state at it seeks to improve its revenue base. Finally, demographic growth leads to a reservoir of groups, displaced peasants, marginalized urban workers, who can form popular shock troops for any violent actions.

Goldstone applies this model systematically to early modern Europe, specifically 17th century Britain and 18th century France. His formulation is a considerable success in the context of explaining the outbreak of the English Civil War and the French Revolution. Goldstone's model also does well in explaining why other turbulent events, like the revolt of Catalonia or the default of Louis XIV's government didn't generate state failure. He then proceeds to demonstrate the generality of the model by thoughtful application to Ottoman Turkey and Ming China. There is also an interesting discussion of Tokugawa Japan, something of an outlier and Goldstone argues well that this is an exception that proves the rule case. Its certainly possible to argue with aspects of Goldstone's model and its application. For example, I think some aspects of his interpretation of late 17th century Britain are wrong, and I would argue with his exact explanation of how demographic upturns ended, but this is overall a very impressive effort.

Goldstone also discusses what can happen after state failure. He as more speculative but quite interesting set of discussions of how state failure can lead to revolution and what factors lead to specific revolutionary outcomes. Like the rest of this book, this is based on a shrewd reading of much interesting literature and is presented well.

In addition to the value of Goldstone's broad synthesis, this book also contains a number of valuable summaries of relevant topic. The discussion of the difficult issue of French public finance during the 18th century, for example, is outstanding.

While Goldstone may not have everything correct, this book provides a very creditable framework for understanding a broad sweep of history. An outstanding achievement.

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Grieving Beyond Gender, Revised Edition (Series in Death, Dying, and Bereavement)

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Grieving Beyond Gender: Understanding the Ways Men and Women Mourn is a revision of� Men Don’t Cry, Women Do: Transcending Gender Stereotypes of Grief. In this work, Doka and Martin elaborate on their conceptual model of "styles or patterns of grieving" � a model that has generated both research and acceptance since the publication of the first edition in 1999. In that book, as well as in this revision, Doka and Martin explore the different ways that individuals grieve, noting that gender is only one factor that affects an individual � s style or pattern of grief. The book differentiates intuitive grievers, where the pattern is more affective, from instrumental grievers, who grieve in a more cognitive and behavioral way, while noting other patterns that might be more blended or dissonant. The model is firmly grounded in social science theory and research. A particular strength of the work is the emphasis placed on the clinical implications of the model on the ways that different types of grievers might best be supported through individual counseling or group support.

Grieving Beyond Gender, Revised Edition (Series in Death, Dying, and Bereavement) Review

Kenneth J. Doka is highly distinguished in the field of death studies. He is a professor of gerontology at the College of New Rochelle's graduate school, New York, an ordained Lutheran minister, and a prolific writer (twenty-nine books and over one hundred book chapters and articles). He is editor of Omega: The Journal of Death and Dying, and of Journeys: A Newsletter to Help in Bereavement, and serves as a senior advisor to the Hospice Foundation of American (HFA). He is a past president of the Association of Death Education and Counseling (ADEC) and sits on the board of directors for the International Work Group on Dying, Death, and Bereavement (chairing from 1997-1999). He consults with numerous organizations concerned with the social, psychological, and biological aspects of caring for the aged and dying.

Terry L. Martin is associate professor of Psychology and Thanatology at Hood College, Frederick, Maryland, and the director for that school's Thanatology program. He is a Certified Grief Therapist, is also widely published, and consults with local hospices and nursing homes. In addition to teaching, he maintains a private practice focusing on dying and grief-related issues.

Grieving Beyond Gender: Understanding the Ways Men and Women Grieve is a revision of Doka and Martin's (2010) previous work, Men Don't Cry, Women Do: Transcending Gender Stereotypes of Grief, first published in 1999. Revised to provide more clarity and insight into the ways people grieve, the authors define grieving as an on-going internal process shaped by culture, personality, and gender during which the griever will experience their loss in very personal and unique ways, contending there is no one correct way to grieve. In fact, they cite numerous examples pointing to strong biases within the helping professions, primarily that unless one is expressing loss through expression of feelings, one is either in denial or at best, poorly coping. Early work in grief and bereavement focused on an assumption that there is a normal way to grieve, that getting through it involved an outward expression of feeling, and those whose expressions were otherwise must be in some kind of trouble--an approach highly disenfranchising to people termed instrumental grievers (those who have learned to function in a more cognitive and less affective way). Considered a "must-read" for those who work with men and adolescent boys, on-going research suggests patterns of grieving are strongly influenced by gender, but not determined by it--so it is equally disenfranchising to assume that all women or all men grieve in specific patterns. Written primarily for helping professionals who find themselves in contact with grief and bereavement in some form, the authors expand on their thought-provoking model, clearly pointing readers to the most critical component for developing a broader understanding of the grieving process: "Not only must we recognize what the mourner's needs are, we must be aware that not meeting them not only doesn't help, but actually hurts" (Doka & Martin, 2010, Kindle edition, Loc 210).

The book is neatly organized in building-block fashion, with the first section (five chapters) setting forth clear definitions of loss ("being deprived of or ceasing to have something that one formerly possessed or was attached to" (Loc 547)), bereavement (`a state in which something has been violently taken away" (Loc 604)), and grief:
Grief arises as a reaction to loss. Specifically, grief can be defined as the psychic energy that results from tension created by an individual's strong desire to

1. Maintain his or her assumptive world as it was before the loss
2. Accommodate to a newly emerging reality resulting from his or her loss
3. Incorporate this new reality into an emerging assumptive world (Loc 627)

Several illustrations help by highlighting feedback mechanisms involved in grieving and adapting within a looped system (thus debunking the myth that one must somehow get over or complete their grieving at some point and go on with life and matters of the living). Doka and Martin (2010) clarify that we continually adjust for the remainder of our lives to life events that impact us as loss. Discussion turns to the affect vs. intellect continuum, assigning the terms intuitive (those who tend to adapt through going with their emotions and generally have a greater need for social support) and instrumental (those who tend to adapt primarily through thinking and kinetic activity, generally not expressing or experiencing emotions other than anger), respectively, to flesh out ways people grieve in variations of these patterns. The final chapter in this section discusses dissonant patterns of grief--a "persistent way of expressing grief that is at odds with the griever's primary internal experience' (Loc 2012). A lack of harmony or congruence between the inner state and outer expression, if carried on long enough, can result in dissonance, or ineffective grieving, often resulting in complications.

Section two (three chapters) discusses the various ways personality (grounded in Jungian theory), gender role socialization, and cultural influences may shape patterns of grieving, and the final section of the book (three chapters) focuses on implications for helping professionals, strategies for intervention and self-help, and wraps up with a final chapter to summarize this important work. A grief pattern inventory tool is provided in the appendices and includes item analysis and scoring material.

This work is insightful, thought-provoking, and often prompted reflection on my own grief work (the life-long process of integrating and adapting to loss). Written in an easy style and peppered throughout with examples demonstrating the theory and model set forth, it has value for anyone in the helping professions involved in grief and bereavement work (clergy, social work, counselors, physicians, nurses, volunteers, even emergency services personnel). One reviewer found the authors tended to strongly identify intuitive with the feminine and instrumental with the masculine, and some discussions in the text are connected to references of men and women, all of which may suggest they have yet to get completely beyond gender (von Kellenbach, 2010). This review underscores the value of the work, but argues that maintaining a stance of separation or separate-but-equal styles of grieving pinned to gender identification does little to break down gender barriers and stereotypes, citing an overly simplistic approach to gender analysis in grieving.

In the final analysis, Doka and Martin (2010) do emphasize up front these concepts are particularly necessary for those working with men and adolescent boys and although they refer often to their position that gender influences but does not determine grieving style, it may be that scrapping gender references while discussing patterns and the model as they argue it will clear any confusion. The message more simply stated is not unclear: "...instrumental grievers have thinking as their superior function, whereas intuitive grievers have feeling as their superior function" (Loc 2500). That we grieve in patterns likely influenced by personality, gender role socialization, and culture along a continuum between feeling and thinking and that we may experience a variety of reactions impacting affect, cognition, behavior, and spiritual understanding can hardly be argued. Most importantly, the crux of the authors' message seems to be this: if we continue to hold to the obviously existing bias toward affect and so-called normal grief work, we certainly risk perpetuating gender and other death-and-dying-related myths, in the end unwittingly disenfranchising those we seek to assist.

References

Doka, K. J., & Martin, T. L. (2010). Grieving beyond gender: Understanding the ways men and women mourn (Kindle edition). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Von Kellenbach, K. (2010). Review of Kenneth J. Doka, Terry L. Martin, grieving beyond gender: Understanding the ways men and women mourn. Journal of Men, Masculinities, & Spirituality, (4)2, 97-99.

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